The shifting sands of global health security: pandemic accord and protectionism in a new political era

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Accord, adopted in May 2025, is a major development in global health governance. Agreed in the aftermath of COVID-19, it sets out a renewed commitment to international cooperation on future health emergencies. However, the accord’s implementation faces considerable geopolitical headwinds, including the rise of protectionism, historical inequities, and persistent critiques of global health institutions. Its ultimate success will depend on navigating this complex landscape and translating its ambitious goals into tangible action.